In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit of genomic DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single regulatory signal or promoter. The genes are transcribed together into an mRNA strand and either translated together in the cytoplasm or undergo trans-splicing to create monocistronic mRNAs that are translated separately, i.e. several…
In 1898, Camillo Golgi, an Italian cytologist, discovered that when he treated the cells with silver salts, certain peculiar bodies showed up in the cytoplasm. Camillo Golgi discovered, in 1898, by a silver-impregnation method, a reticular structure in the nerve cells of the barn owl, which he called the ‘apparato reticular interno’. Subsequently, this came to be…
Eukaryotic cells contain a large, pale, spherical, or oval body in their surrounding cytoplasm called Nucleus. It is the most prominent structure as it contains the genetic materials and also functions in the control of cellular activities such as protein synthesis, cellular growth, and reproduction either asexual or sexual or both. It contains and protects the…
The normal cell consists of 5 to 10 times as much RNA (mRNAs, rRNAs and also tRNAs) as DNA. For that reason, most of the nucleotide biosynthesis has as its objective the manufacturing of rNTPs. Nonetheless, since multiplying cells should reproduce their genomes, the manufacturing of dNTPs is likewise needed. How are the Deoxyribonucleotides…
Nucleic acid structures are stabilized by non-covalent intramolecular interactions between the bases. All biological processes involving DNA and RNA require these structures to be in the stable and in the appropriate conformation. It is important to know how nucleic acids form their biologically active states and how these active states are stabilized. Importance of Nucleic…
When discussing protein fold, we first need to identify the folding unit. Such unit is called a protein domain. This means that when we mention fold classification, we actually mean PROTEIN DOMAIN CLASSIFICATION. Protein domains are the basic building blocks of a protein, Structural Organization of Proteins, and they are also the basic evolutionary unit…